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Chaplin, Charlie ), English motion-picture
actor, director, producer, and composer, one of the most creative
artists in film history, who first achieved worldwide fame through
his performances in silent films. His full name was Sir Charles
Spencer Chaplin.
Born in London, as a child Chaplin appeared in music hall and
pantomime performances. In 1910 he toured the United States with
a pantomime troupe and decided to remain in the country. Chaplin
first appeared on the screen in 1914 with the Keystone Film Company
of American director Mack
Sennett. In Kid Auto Races at Venice (1914), wearing baggy
pants, enormous shoes, and a bowler hat and carrying a bamboo
cane, he originated his world-famous character, the Tramp. He
played this classic role in more than 70 films during his career.
He was associated later with the Essanay Film Company, the Mutual
Film Company, and the First National Film Company. In 1918 his
own studio in Hollywood, California, was completed. During these
years Chaplin gradually developed the tramp character from a
jaunty, slapstick stereotype into the compassionate human figure
that came to be loved by audiences throughout the world. In 1919
he helped found the United Artists Corporation, with which he
was associated until 1952. Important pictures Chaplin produced,
directed, and starred in include The Kid (1921), The Pilgrim
(1923), The Gold Rush (1925), The Circus (1928), City Lights
(1931), Modern Times (1936), The Great Dictator (1940), Monsieur
Verdoux (1947), Limelight (1952), and A King in New York (1957).
Chaplin wrote, directed, and played in A Countess from Hong Kong
(1967). He also composed background music for most of his films.
In the late 1940s and early 1950s Chaplin was criticized for
his leftist political views. As a result, he left the United
States in 1952 and established permanent residence in Switzerland.
In 1972 he briefly returned to the United States to receive several
tributes, among them a special Academy Award for his contributions
to the film industry. He was knighted in 1975.
Chaplin perfected an individual style of performing, derived
from the circus clown and the mime, combining acrobatic elegance,
expressive gesture, facial eloquence, and impeccable timing.
His portrayal of the little tramp, a universally recognized symbol
of indestructible individuality triumphing over adversity and
persecution, both human and mechanical, won him critical renown
as a tragicomedian. Film sound recording in the late 1920s, however,
imperiled the effectiveness of the pantomime on which much of
his creative imagination depended; also, he became concerned
with themes of contemporary significance. In his first two films
of the sound era, City Lights and Modern Times, Chaplin's little
tramp remained silent. Subsequently, he abandoned the role of
the tramp and relied upon specific character portrayal. The Great
Dictator, which uses all the resources of sound recording, marks
this transition. Chaplin's treatment of his subjects compounds
satire and pathos, revealing a love of humanity and of individual
freedom. He wrote My Autobiography (1964; reprinted as My Early
Years, 1982) and My Life in Movies (1975). Sir Richard Attenborough's
biographical film Chaplin appeared in 1992.
